Germany has some of the answers, but not all

The strongest eurozone economy has cut spending but not lifted productivity, writes Daniel Gros.

Ten years ago, Germany was considered the sick man of Europe, its economy mired in recession; an unemployment rate higher than the eurozone average; violating the European budget rules by running excessive deficits; financial system in crisis. A decade later, Germany is considered a role model for everyone else. But should it be?

In considering which lessons of Germany's turnaround should be applied to other eurozone countries, one must distinguish between what government can do and what remains the responsibility of business, workers and society at large.

The one area in which government clearly is in charge is public finance. In 2003, Germany ran a fiscal deficit of close to 4 per cent of GDP - perhaps not high by today's standards, but higher than the EU average at the time. Today, Germany has a balanced budget, whereas most other eurozone countries are running deficits that are higher than Germany's was 10 years ago.

The turnaround in Germany's public finances was due mostly to a reduction in expenditure. In 2003, general government expenditure amounted to 48.5 per cent of GDP, above the eurozone average. But expenditure was cut by five percentage points of GDP during the next five years. As a result, on the eve of the Great Recession that began in 2008, Germany had one of the lowest expenditure ratios in Europe.

But the government could not really do much about Germany's key problem, namely its perceived lack of competitiveness. During the euro's first years, Germany was widely considered uncompetitive, owing to its high wage costs.

When the euro was introduced, it was widely feared that Germany's competitiveness problem could not be resolved, because the authorities would no longer be able to adjust the exchange rate. But, as we now know, Germany did become competitive again - too competitive, according to some, owing to a combination of wage restraint and productivity-enhancing structural reforms.

In fact, that analysis is only half right. On one hand, wage restraint was the key element, though the government could not impose it. Persistently high unemployment forced workers to accept lower wages and longer working hours, while wages continued to increase by 2-3 per cent a year in the eurozone's booming peripheral countries.

While the German government did enact important labour-market reforms a decade or so ago, those measures apparently had no impact on productivity. All of the available data show that Germany had one of Europe's lowest rates of productivity growth over the past 10 years.

That is not surprising, given the absence of any reforms whatsoever in the service sector, which is widely regarded as over-regulated and protected. Manufacturing productivity increased somewhat, owing to intense international competition. But, even in Germany, the service sector remains twice as large as the industrial branches.

Deep service-sector reforms would thus be necessary to generate meaningful productivity gains in the German economy. But this did not happen even in 2003, because all the attention was focused on international competitiveness and manufacturing.

Nonetheless, the German model does hold some useful lessons for the eurozone's embattled peripheral countries today. Long-term fiscal consolidation requires, in the first instance, expenditure restraint; and labour-market reforms can, over time, bring marginal groups into employment.

But the biggest challenge for countries such as Italy or Spain remains competitiveness. The periphery can grow again only if it succeeds in exporting more. Wages are already falling under the weight of extremely high unemployment rates. But this is the most painful way out, and it generates intense social and political instability. A much better way to reduce labour costs would be to increase productivity - and Germany is no model in this respect.

Fortunately, however, some peripheral countries are being forced by their creditors to undertake drastic reforms not only of their labour markets, but also of their service sectors.

The most important lesson from the reversal of fortunes within the eurozone over the past 10 years is that one should not extrapolate from the difficulties of the moment.